All too often, important contributions to public debate go almost unnoticed, as was the case with Sigmar Gabriel’s recent commentary on the Franco-German relationship. A former leader of the Social Democrats (SPD) who has also served as German minister of foreign affairs, Gabriel has issued a rather violent charge against the new Franco-German Treaty of Aachen, which he sees as the first step in a plan for a European Defense Union.
No such plan exists. Yet, according to Gabriel, the treaty represents a renewed bid for European strategic autonomy along Gaullist lines. As such, he condemns it for being “at odds with Germany’s own longstanding approach of balancing the friendship with France alongside strong transatlantic relations with the [United States and the United Kingdom].” In his view, Germany has already yielded too much to Gaullist France (a label he does not apply as a compliment).
Gabriel’s main objection is that the new agreement will pull Germany away from NATO. He points out that the earlier Franco-German friendship pact – the 1963 Élysée Treaty – was specifically amended by the Bundestag to reaffirm Germany’s transatlantic ties, provoking the fury of then-French President Charles de Gaulle. Hence, he sees the Treaty of Aachen as yet another attempt to cut the US out of the European security equation.
Yet, curiously, he never mentions the fact that US President Donald Trump has himself threatened to withdraw the US from NATO. Does Gabriel believe that freezing the Franco-German relationship in place is necessary to appease Trump? If so, that would mean Europeans should not pursue any form of deeper integration whatsoever.
Putting aside the fact that geopolitical conditions in 2019 are nothing like they were in 1963, the contents of the new agreement simply do not justify Gabriel’s fears. Article 4, for example, states that France and Germany “are committed to strengthening Europe’s capacity to act together to fill its capacity gaps, thereby strengthening the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance.”
To be sure, the treaty does call for the creation of a “Franco-German defense and security council as a steering body.” But this would merely be an additional mechanism for advancing France and Germany’s shared strategic interests within the confines of existing international commitments, particularly “Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.”
Gabriel accuses France of wanting to separate Germany from the US in the interest of European, rather than Atlantic, defense. But the fact that France sought a degree of independence from NATO 53 years ago does not mean that it still wants that today. In 2009, France rejoined NATO as a full member, and has since been active in NATO operations, particularly in the Baltics. Moreover, Franco-American relations remain particularly strong at the operational level in both the Sahel and the Levant. As a result of these joint efforts, the US now considers France one of its strongest allies.
By contrast, if German-US relations are souring, it is because Germany has come to seem like a free rider in security matters. As such, the biggest threat to transatlantic relations is not the Franco-German treaty, but rather Germany’s own reluctance to step up its defense efforts. Why should America defend a Europe that does not want to defend itself? If the US is exerting pressure on Germany – and if its ambassador in Berlin behaves with a level of arrogance that would be unimaginable in Paris – that is because Trump is convinced that Germany is completely at America’s mercy.
As for France, it has no interest in weakening NATO, on which it depends, as we have seen in Libya. The French message is simply that Europe has its own interests to defend. It cannot subcontract its security to the US forever, and the presence of NATO does not absolve it from thinking and acting for itself.
It is worth remembering that France was ready to intervene in Syria in 2013. But after the US suddenly changed its mind, France, too, stood down. Still, had Europe mustered the will to act militarily without the US, it could have done so without harming American interests. In other words, there is no zero-sum conflict between Atlantic and European defense. On the contrary, the crisis of the former stems directly from the absence of the latter, which the US has come to resent.
The biggest threat to transatlantic relations, then, is the reluctance of Germany’s political class to debate German security and make clear that defense is an existential issue for Europe. If Germany wants the Americans’ respect, it must bolster its own military credibility. In today’s world, the strong only respect the strong.
Gabriel’s dubious reasoning seems to reflect his own bias. He is critical of the concept of European strategic autonomy as envisioned by French President Emmanuel Macron. But while the meaning of strategic autonomy can be debated, the real question is whether Europe itself has interests apart from those of the US, China, and Russia.
If the answer is yes, there is no reason to fear European strategic autonomy in military, geopolitical, and economic affairs. But even if the answer is no, Gabriel’s reasoning would still be worrying, to say the least. After all, his own successor at the German foreign ministry, Heiko Maas, regularly acknowledges the need for Europe to be more autonomous in the face of diverse new forms of external pressure. That is why Germany is now at the forefront of the effort to protect European-Iranian trade against US sanctions and strong-arming.
Contrary to what Gabriel seems to think, “strategic autonomy” is not a watchword for placing Germany under French command or pulling it away from the US. Moreover, Gabriel himself supports the idea of European sovereignty, even as he objects to strategic autonomy.
The two go hand in hand. There can be no separating the economic from the strategic; everything is linked. Gabriel’s case against the Treaty of Aachen misses the mark; worse, it does a disservice to Europe and Germany alike.